Cyber Warfare And The United States - 1059 Words

Cyber capabilities are evolving rapidly every day which makes cyber-attacks more prevalent in the present day. In the U.S., the most notable and highly debated international cyber-attacks tie back to China. â€Å"For years, the United States has argued that economic espionage by governments is wrong and should stop†. It was not until recently that the United States made this argument heard. In September of 2015, President Obama announced that the U.S. and Chinese governments had reached a deal against cyber espionage. There are many different explanations as to what the causes are that ultimately led the U.S. and China to reach this agreement including, efforts to promote international norm, loss of sensitive information and economic†¦show more content†¦This mechanism’s purpose is to review the timeliness and quality of replies to requests for information and assistance as it relates to concerns of malicious cyber activity for either country and it establishe s a hotline. The first causative factor that ultimately led to the agreement between the U.S. and China is the efforts of the U.S. to promote some sort of international norm for cyber economic espionage. The U.S faced numerous difficulties throughout the Obama administration when it came to gathering support for the economic cyber espionage they faced from China. For instance, the Mandiant Report released in February 2013 discusses the concerns of Chinese economic cyber espionage and led to new strategy on theft of trade secrets, although; the U.S. lacked the support of other countries when trying to advance international support against such economic espionage and consequently made no improvements. Also in 2014, the U.S. attempted to emphasize a norm by indicting Chinese military personnel and still lacked international support. These examples show how the United States’ continuously failed efforts to formulate an international norm against Chinese cyber espionage ultimately led to the U.S. China deal being put into effect. The U.S. continuously tried to gather other countries support against cyber espionage and rather they came to an agreement with the source of their cyber espionage problems and let the worldShow MoreRelatedThe United States is Under Cyber Warfare859 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States is under attack. To be exact, the nation’s power grid is under attack in the form of cyber warfare. On May 21st, 2013 Congressmen Edward J. Markey and Henry A Waxman published a report that provided the findings from information that they had requested from over 150 utility companies (of which 60% responded). More than a dozen utilities reported â€Å"daily, constant, or frequent attempted cyber-attacks† (Markey Waxman) with one utility reporting that they have about 10,000 attemptedRead MoreCyber Warfare Between The United States And Russia901 Words   |  4 Pagesthe book Cyber Warfare states that â€Å"The U.S. military does not have a definition for cyber warfare today† (53). While this work was published in 2014, it is still a fair assessment into today. According to the CCDCOE, again on their webpage â€Å"Cyber Definitions,† cyber warfare as agreed between The United States and Russia is defined as â€Å"cyber attacks that are authorized by state actors against cyber infrastructure in conjunction with government campaign.† The two nations also define cyber attacks inRead MoreCyber Warfare And The United States Homeland Security2497 Words   |  10 Pagestechnology has awakened to a new down of information warfare, a threat that stubbornly dogs the United States Homeland Security in form of cyber terrorism. Abstract Cyber warfare is part of the American military’s proactive defense strategies. Besides the use of Cyber warfare in defense, Cyber warfare has another use as a means of attack. According to the United States military cyber-attack is a form of ancient act of war. In 2013, Cyber warfare was for the first time perceived to be a more significantRead MoreCyber Warfare : The Threat Of The United State s National Security1313 Words   |  6 PagesCyber Warfare Warfare can be defined as engaging in war or conflict. There are many different categories of warfare. More commonly known types include guerilla warfare, land warfare, aerial warfare, and naval warfare. Although when war is mentioned many minds wander to these forms of warfare, there are others that are not always as obvious. A rapidly growing type of warfare is cyber warfare. Cyber warfare can be defined as attacks from other nations to tap in to or destroy any type of informationRead MoreCyber Warfare Is The New Warfare Domain1528 Words   |  7 Pages the United States should preemptively attack the opposing country using their cyber warfare capabilities. II. Explanation of thesis and short summary. Cyber warfare is the new warfare domain. Understanding how to morally utilize the newfound capabilities will assist the United States to maintain military dominance as well as mitigate possible immoral tragedies. Cyber warfare and war envelops a vast array of topics available for discussion. Therefore, the topics of interest within cyber warfareRead MoreCyber Warfare And Global Affairs1543 Words   |  7 Pagessteal information. Even countries are using the cyber domain as a separate battlefield to fulfill their missions and acquire information. Cyberwar is relatively a new term to describe: an Internet-based conflict involving politically motivated attacks on information and information systems. But the definition is constantly evolving with time and the more knowledge the public acquires about these conflicts. Although the idea of explaining cyber warfare is far too vast and bound to only readily availableRead MoreEssay on Cyber Warfare909 Words   |  4 PagesCyber Warfare Autumn Volosin CIS 450 20 November 2012 Table of Contents Section 1.1: What is Cyber Warfare? Section 1.2: Methods of Cyber Warfare Attacks Section 1.3: Who is targeted by Cyber Warfare? Section 1.4: How to defend against Cyber Warfare Section 1.5: Cyber Warfare Companies and Agencies Section 1.6: Cyber Counterintelligence Section 1.7: Important situations pertaining to Cyber Warfare Section 1.8: America versus China Cyber Warfare Section 1.9: Cyber Warfare around theRead MoreDefensive Cyberspace Initiatives Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pageslargely been demarcated by the national security strategies of the United States. The keystone of these strategies has been the United States’ Global War on Terror and it has beguiled not only the U.S., but a majority of the Westernized governments into an over decade long conflict, extending across the globe. This more than decade long commitment to anti and counterterrorism operations has not only revolutionized contemporary warfare, but has spurred rapid international growth and integration of informationRead MoreThe American Military And International Law Of War Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesin both international and non-international armed conflict; belligerent occupation; and the relationships between belligerent, neutral, and non-belligerent States.† (DoD, Law of War Manual, pg. 7). Futurists Alvin and Heidi Toffler, authors of The Third Wave and War an d Anti-War, claim we have entered a new era of warfare – information warfare. In the Third Wave, information ascends to become the most important resource and, as such, becomes a significant means of both preventing and limiting futureRead MoreThe United States Is Ill Prepared For Cyberwarfare1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States is Ill Prepared for Cyberwarfare Nuclear silos launching warheads. Power plants exploding. Water systems contaminated. Currency devalued and locked away. Vehicles simultaneously going haywire all at once. That could be just the first 10 minutes of reports simultaneously reaching the President of the United States. How could all of these disasters happen? Simply put, all of these scenarios involve components which rely on the use of cyberspace. While citizens of the United States

Homosexuals and James Baldwins Role in the Civil Rights...

During the Civil Rights Movement, James Baldwin wrote many articles and essays on racial issues. His unique and powerful style invoked the thoughts of many people. What also made Baldwin stand out from others was his homosexuality. Baldwin wrote several essays and novels that had a homosexual theme rooted within the story. It was through this method that Baldwin was able to express his homosexuality and at the same time present a view of black culture that was highly unacceptable during that time period. His works gave him much widespread attention but essentially he was not recognized as a prominent leader of the movement. This was a result of stereotyped images of homosexuals and the desire for African American men†¦show more content†¦Understanding why Baldwin was criticized requires a look into the time period in which the movement took place. According to Spurlin, Time Magazine on May 17, 1963, produced a cover story on Baldwin as part of an article that was titl ed â€Å"Races: Freedom - Now.† (105). The article highlights Baldwin and has much praise about his work. However, it takes a dreadful turn when the article says that Baldwin â€Å"is not, by any stretch of the imagination, Negro leader. He tries no civil rights cases in the courts, preaches from no pulpit, devises no stratagems for sit-ins, Freedom Riders or street marchers.† (qtd. in Spurlin 105). It begins to become clear that even though Baldwin is highly looked upon within the community, writing essays and novels isn’t seen as a form of action that will bring about change. However, the article had more to say about Baldwin, this time about his sexuality. It says that he is â€Å"a nervous, slight, almost fragile figure, filled with frets and fears. He is effeminate in manner, drinks considerably, smokes cigarettes in chains, and he often loses his audience with overblown arguments† (qtd. in Spurlin 105; emphasis added). To label Baldwin as an effeminate figure is something that homosexuality is often stereotyped as being. Even though placing Baldwin in thisShow MoreRelatedThe Light and Darkness of Suffering Depicted in Sonnys Blues2446 Words   |  10 Pagespain that defines us as individuals. The question becomes do we let suffering consume us, or do we let it define our lives? Through James Baldwin’s story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, the manner by which one confronts the light and darkness of suffering determines whether one is consumed by it, or embraces it in order to â€Å"survive.† Viewing a collection of these motifs, James Baldwin’s unique perspective on suffering as a crucial component of human development becomes apparent. It is through his compassionate portrayalRead MoreThe Great Malcolm X And The Influential James Baldwin !2092 Words   |  9 Pagesstill remains. Have we heard about the glorious moments and the various amounts of greatness co me to in America? Sounds like I’m talking about a super hero right? The truth is, yes, for many of us the late 1920’s delivered two of many heroes that we still value heroically today. I’m talking about the immense Malcolm X and the influential James Baldwin! â€Å"You cannot give up on the American dream. We cannot allow our fears and our disappointments to lead us into silence and into inaction.† Marco RubioRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s The Blues 2182 Words   |  9 Pagesstory by famed African-American author James Baldwin, is the story of two bothers. Other famous stories of two brothers include both The Prodigal Son parable and the story of Cain and Abel, both from which Baldwin clearly draws inspiration from. Baldwin grew up with many religious teachings, as his adoptive father, David Baldwin, was a preacher. Though the relationship between father and son was not enviable, Baldwin still grew up active in his religion (James Baldwin- Biogra phy). Baldwin, despiteRead MoreAnother Country By James Baldwin2288 Words   |  10 PagesAnother Country is a fiction book written by James Baldwin in 1962. James Baldwin was an essayist, playwright, and novelist with many popular writings. He is an iconic African American for his writings during the Civil Rights era in the United States focusing on racial and social issues. In Another Country, Baldwin’s characters go through interracial, homosexual, bisexual, and violent relationships. The main character, Rufus Scott, is an African American jazz drummer that commits suicide after the

Reference Notes for Adobe Photoshop Free Essays

Restoring default preferences On the desktop, double-click the Adobe Photoshop icon to start Adobe Photoshop and then immediately hold down Ctrl-Alt-Shift (Windows) or Command-Option-Shift (Mac OS) to reset the default settings. Undoing multiple actions The Undo command (CONTOL + z) reverses only one step. However, you can still step back through multiple actions using the History palette. We will write a custom essay sample on Reference Notes for Adobe Photoshop or any similar topic only for you Order Now By default, the Photoshop History palette retains only the last 20 actions. You can change the number of levels in the History palette by choosing Edit gt; Preferences gt; GeneralYou can also use CONTROL + ALT + z to undo more than 1 action Tools †¢ The marquee tools make rectangular, elliptical, single row, and single column selections. †¢ The Move tool moves selections, layers, and guides. †¢ The lasso tools make freehand, polygonal (straightedge), and magnetic* (snap-to) selections. †¢ The Magic Wand tool selects similarly colored areas. †¢ The Crop tool trims images. †¢ The Slice tool creates slices. †¢ The Slice Select tool selects slices. †¢ The Healing Brush tool* paints with a sample or pattern to repair imperfections in an image. The Spot Healing Brush tool* quickly removes blemishes and imperfections from photographs with a uniform background.†¢ The Red Eye tool* removes red-eye in flash photos with one click. †¢ The Patch tool* repairs imperfections in a selected area of an image using a sample or pattern. †¢ The Color Replacement tool* substitutes one color for another. †¢ The Brush tool paints brush strokes. †¢ The Pencil tool paints hardedged strokes. †¢ The Clone Stamp tool paints with a sample of an image. †¢ The Pattern Stamp tool* paints with a part of an image as a pattern. The History Brush tool* paints a copy of the selected state or snapshot into the current image window. †¢ The Art History Brush tool* paints stylized strokes that simulate the look of different paint styles, using a selected state or snapshot. †¢ The Eraser tool erases pixels and restores parts of an image to a previously saved state.†¢ The Magic Eraser tool erases solid-colored areas to transparency with a single click. †¢ The Background Eraser tool* erases areas to transparency by dragging. †¢ The Gradient tool* creates straight-line, radial, angle, reflected, and diamond blends between colors. The Paint Bucket tool fills similarly colored areas with the foreground color. †¢ The Blur tool* blurs hard edges in an image. †¢ The Sharpen tool* sharpens soft edges in an image. †¢ The Smudge tool* smudges data in an image. †¢ The Dodge tool* lightens areas in an image. †¢ The Burn tool* darkens areas in an image. †¢ The Sponge tool* changes the color saturation of an area. †¢ The path selection tools* make shape or segment selections showing anchor points, direction lines, and direction points.†¢ The type tools create type on an image. †¢ The type mask tools* create a selection in the shape of type. The pen tools* draw smooth-edged paths. †¢ The Custom Shape tool* makes customized shapes selected from a custom shape list. †¢ The annotations tools* make notes and audio annotations that can be attached to an image. †¢ The Eyedropper tool samples colors in an image. †¢ The Sharpen tool* sharpens soft edges in an image. †¢ The Smudge tool* smudges data in an image. †¢ The Dodge tool* lightens areas in an image. †¢ The Burn tool* darkens areas in an image. †¢ The Sponge tool* changes the color saturation of an area. †¢ The path selection tools* make shape or segment selections showing anchor points, irection lines, and direction points. †¢ The type tools create type on an image. †¢ The type mask tools* create a selection in the shape of type. †¢ The pen tools* draw smooth-edged paths. †¢ The Custom Shape tool* makes customized shapes selected from a custom shape list. †¢ The annotations tools* make notes and audio annotations that can be attached to an image. †¢ The Eyedropper tool samples colors in an image. Using a context menu Context menus are short menus that are appropriate to specific elements in the work area. They are sometimes referred to as â€Å"right-click† or â€Å"shortcut† menus.Usually, the commands on a context menu are also available in some other area of the user interface, but using the context menu can save time. Palettes and palette locations Photoshop palettes are powerful and varied. You rarely would have a project in which you needed to see all palettes simultaneously. That’s why they’re in palette groups and why the default configurations leave some palettes unopened. The complete list of palettes appears on the Window menu, with check marks by the names of the palettes that are open at the front of their palette groups.You can open a closed palette or close an open one by selecting the palette name on the Window menu. You can hide all palettes at once—including the tool options bar and toolbox—by Pressing the Tab key. To reopen them, press Tab again. Expanding and collapsing palettes You can also resize a palette to see more or fewer of the available options it contains, either by dragging or clicking to toggle between preset sizes. †¢ To change the height of a palette, drag its lower right corner. †¢ To expand a palette to show as much as possible of its contents, click the minimize/ maximize button (Windows) or the zoom button (Mac OS).Click a second time to collapse the palette group. The toolbox and the tool options bar share some characteristics with the other palettes: You can drag the toolbox by its title bar to a different location in the work area. You can move the tool options bar to another location by dragging the grab bar at the far left end of the palette. You can hide the toolbox and tool options bar. However, there are other palette features that are not available or do not apply to the toolbox or tool options bar: You cannot group the toolbox or tool options bar with other palettes.You cannot resize the toolbox or tool options bar. You cannot dock the toolbox in the palette well. (The same is true for the tool options bar, because the palette well appears on the tool options bar. ) The toolbox and tool options bar do not have palette menus. You can drag the toolbox by its title bar to a different location in the work area. You can move the tool options bar to another location by dragging the grab bar at the far left end of the palette. You can hide the toolbox and tool options bar.However, there are other palette features that are not available or do not apply to the toolbox or tool options bar: You cannot group the toolbox or tool options bar with other palettes. You cannot resize the toolbox or tool options bar. You cannot dock the toolbox in the palette well. (The same is true for the tool options bar, because the palette well appears on the tool options bar. ) The toolbox and tool options bar do not have palette menus. Customizing the workspace Choose Window gt; Workspace gt; select the appropriate selection Crop ToolUse the Crop tool to crop images. Select perspective to manipulate the boundaries of the crop area You can crop outside of the canvas to make a larger image Painting with the Spot Healing Brush The Spot Healing Brush tool quickly removes blemishes and other imperfections from photos. It works similarly to the Healing Brush: It paints with sampled pixels from an image or pattern and matches the texture, lighting, transparency, and shading of the sampled pixels to the pixels being healed. Selecting parts of an image Shift adds to the selection Alt subtracts from the selectionLayer Masks Create transparency without being destructive. Click on the layer mask icon in the layers palette and paint black and white to create transparency Quick masks In Adobe Photoshop, you can make temporary masks, called quick masks, or you can create permanent masks and store them as special grayscale channels called alpha channels. Photoshop also uses channels to store an image’s color information and information about spot color. Unlike layers, channels do not print. You use the Channels palette to view and work with alpha channels. Creating a quick maskClick the Quick Mask mode button in the toolbox. (By default, you have been working in Standard mode. ) In Quick Mask mode, a red overlay appears, masking and protecting the area outside the selection the way rubylith, or red acetate, masked images in traditional print shops. You can apply changes only to the unprotected area that is visible and selected. Note: A partial selection must exist to see the overlay in Quick Mask mode. Creating an adjustment layer Adjustment layers can be added to an image to apply color and tonal adjustments without permanently changing the pixel values in the image.For example, if you add a Color Balance adjustment layer to an image, you can experiment with different colors repeatedly, because the change occurs only on the adjustment layer. If you decide to return to the original pixel values, you can hide or delete the adjustment layer. Adjustment layers affect all of the layers below it. Layer styles Layer styles are automated special effects that you can apply to a layer. In the Layer Style dialog box, make sure that the Preview check box is selected, or select it now so that you’ll be able to see the changes as you work.Examine the options for Drop Shadow in the Layer Style dialog box. You can either leave them at the default settings, or experiment with various changes until you like the results you see in the image window. To copy a selection or a layer Use the move tool while pressing the ALT key to make a copy of the selection or the layer Typographic Design When you add type to an image in Photoshop, the characters are composed of pixels and have the same resolution as the image file—zooming in on characters shows jagged edges.However, Photoshop preserves the vector-based type outlines and uses them when you scale or resize type, save a PDF or EPS file, or print the image to a PostScript printer. As a result, you can produce type with crisp, res olution-independent edges, apply effects and styles to type, and transform its shape and size. Type tool tricks †¢ Shift-click in the image window with the Type tool (T) to create a new type layer—in case you’re close to another block of type and Photoshop tries to auto select it. Double-click the T thumbnail icon on any text layer in the Layers palette to select all of the type on that layer. †¢ With any text selected right-click (Windows) or Control-click (Mac OS) on the text to access the contextual menu. Choose Check Spelling to run a spell check. †¢ Text on a path – create a path – select the type tool and bring the tool close to the path. When the tool changes appearance, start typing! Your text will be on the path!! Warping a layer Use the free transform tool (CONTROL + t) and select the warp icon to add curves to your selection How to cite Reference Notes for Adobe Photoshop, Papers